Whose last name should an illegitimate child use?

There are three ways a father may acknowledge his illegitimate child and allow the child to use his last name. Acknowledgment does not mean the child becomes legitimate.

Did Henry VIII Acknowledge Any of His Illegitimate Children?

Luzon, Visayas, at Mindanao, abot na ng - Citizen Services

Illegitimate Child Not Required to Use Surname of Father Even if Acknowledged

Look: Manny Pacquiao's illegitimate son makes his boxing debut : r/Boxing

Should Illegitimate Children Take The Surname of Their Mom or Dad?

Misnomers: The Law and Practice of Child Naming, Joanna L. Grossman, Verdict

Clark Gable, Loretta Young and out-of-wedlock Hollywood children – Sharon Rich

How to Find the Father of an Illegitimate Ancestor on Your Family Tree

Reply to @user271564748 Surname of Illegitimate Children #tiktoklawyer

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My parents were not married and I ended up with my mother's maiden name as my last name. How common is this occurance for children born out of wedlock? - Quora

Why shouldn't children have their mother's surname?, Family

Changing The Surname of A Child, PDF, Birth Certificate