Hookah or waterpipe smoking or use is an emerging trend in the US population, especially among the youth. The misperception of hookah being less harmful than cigarettes and the availability of different but “appealing” flavors are considered among the main reasons for this trend. Hookah users however are exposed to many of the same toxic compounds/by-products as cigarette users, but at dramatically higher levels, which might lead to more severe negative health effects. In fact, hookah users are at risks of infections, cancers, lung disease, and other medical conditions. Moreover, because of the overlapping toxicant/chemical profile to conventional cigarettes, hookah smoke effects on the cardiovascular system are thought to be comparable to those of conventional cigarettes. A major source of tobacco addiction is nicotine, whose levels in hookah are extremely variable as they depend on the type of tobacco used. Taken together, in this review of literature, we will provide insights on the negative health effects of hookah in general, with a focus on what is known regarding its impact on the cardiovascular system.
IJERPH, Free Full-Text
The risk of hookah smoking and sharing hookah pipe during the COVID-19 pandemic
Impact of Electronic Cigarettes on the Cardiovascular System
E-Cigarettes
Health Effects of Waterpipe Tobacco Use: Getting the Public Health Message Just Right - Mohammed Ali, Mohammed Jawad, 2017
Short‐Term E‐Cigarette Exposure Increases the Risk of Thrombogenesis and Enhances Platelet Function in Mice
Full article: Prevalence and factors associated with adolescents' use of electronic cigarettes and hookahs in Pamplona: Emtamplona Study
Health effects of tobacco - Wikipedia
Knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions towards waterpipe tobacco smoking amongst college or university students: a systematic review, BMC Public Health
PDF) Shisha Smoking Practices, Use Reasons, Attitudes, Health Effects and Intentions to Quit among Shisha Smokers in Malaysia
WHO EMRO, Tobacco and waterpipe use increases the risk of COVID-19, Know the truth