A curve in the plane is determined, up to orientation-preserving Euclidean motions, by its curvature function, $\kappa(s)$. Here is one of my favorite examples, from Alfred Gray's book, Modern
Mean curvature - Wikipedia
Differential Geometry: calculating Gaussian and Mean Curvature two
Surfaces of Revolution with Constant Gaussian Curvature - Wolfram
Curvature of a surface, only using calculus
What are applications of convex sets and the notion of convexity
Differential Geometry: Lecture 21 part 2: total Gaussian curvature
Differential geometry - Curvature, Surfaces, Manifolds
Curvature and normal curvature at a point on a curve on a surface
Curvature of a surface, only using calculus